Optical input/output device, optical electronic system including the same, and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are an optical input/output device and an opto-electronic system including the same. The device includes a bulk silicon substrate, at least one vertical-input light detection element monolithically integrated on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate, and at least one vertical-output light source element monolithically integrated on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate adjacent to the vertical-input light detection element. The vertical-output light source element includes a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer combined with the bulk silicon substrate by a wafer bonding method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2013-0058195 and10-2013-0099082, filed on May 23, 2013 and Aug. 21, 2013, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The inventive concepts relate to a semiconductor device and, moreparticularly, to an optical input/output (I/O) device, anopto-electronic system including the same, and a method of manufacturingthe same.

Semiconductor devices such as a central processing unit (CPU), a memorydevice, and a logic circuit of a computer may be mostly integrated on asilicon substrate. Semiconductor chips consisting of such integratedcircuits may transmit and receive signals through metalinterconnections. However, an interconnecting method using the metalinterconnections may cause problems such as reduction of signalprocessing speeds, generated heat in proportion to a cumulative usagetime, and crosstalk. Thus, optical data communication between chips orwithin a chip based on silicon photonics technology are being demandedin order to realize high performance and high-speed computer systems,high-capacity data communication systems and image processing systems.In order to satisfy future demands, various researches are conducted forsilicon photonics technologies for silicon chip-level optical datainterconnections.

Generally, silicon optical communication devices developed in thesilicon photonics technology are mainly optical waveguide type siliconphotonics devices using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, not aconventional bulk silicon substrate on which a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit is realized. Currently, siliconoptical interconnections based on the waveguide-type silicon photonicsdevices are being investigated. However, the SOI substrate is expensivecompared with the bulk silicon substrate. This is because a buried oxide(BOX) layer should be formed to be near to a surface of a siliconsubstrate by additional processes when the SOI substrate ismanufactured. Due to crystal defects of the substrate caused by theformation of the BOX layer, performance of an electronic device based onthe SOI substrate may be deteriorated as compared with performance of anelectronic based on a mature and well-established bulk silicon substrateof a conventional art. Additionally, when an opto-electronic convergencechip is manufactured, a manufacturing process of an electronicintegrated circuit is changed into techniques based on the SOI substratesuch that additional efforts and costs are increased. Also, it may bethe same case when optical waveguide-type silicon photonics devices areintegrated on a SOI portion locally formed on the bulk siliconsubstrate. When the local SOI part is formed on the bulk siliconsubstrate, various additional processes (e.g., a high temperaturethermal treatment process) are required, which can deteriorate theperformance of an integrated circuit formed on the same bulk siliconsubstrate. The optical waveguide silicon photonics device formed on thelocal SOI part may have demerits such as high optical loss and lowperformance.

A light source for silicon optical input/output (I/O) is based on aIII-V compound semiconductor light source. Integration a siliconphotonics-based light source may be realized by a hybrid laser, adie-bonding packaging, or a printed circuit board (PCB) modulepackaging. In the hybrid laser, an optical waveguide-based light sourcesuch as a III-V compound semiconductor distributed feedback laser diode(DFB LD) is bonded on the SOI substrate by a wafer bonding technique. Inthe die-bonding packaging method, a III-V compound semiconductor DFB LDchip is mounted on a SOI-based silicon photonics chip by a flip-chipbonding technique. All of the hybrid laser method and the die-bondingpackage method should fundamentally use expensive SOI substrates. Thus,productivity of conventional optical I/O devices based on a SOIsubstrate is low.

Thus, all of electronic circuits and optical components should berealized on the same bulk silicon substrate in order that siliconphotonics devices are practically used in silicon integrated circuits.Therefore, there is a need for new optical I/O device structures capableof realizing merits such as high performance, high speed, highefficiency, high-level functionality, low manufacture costs, and lowpackaging costs.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the inventive concepts may provide an opticalinput/output (I/O) device including optical devices monolithicallyintegrated on a bulk silicon substrate, and/or an opto-electronic systemincluding the same.

Embodiments of the inventive concepts may also provide an opticalinput/output (I/O) device capable of improving productivity and/or anopto-electronic system including the same.

In one aspect, an optical input/output (I/O) device may include: a bulksilicon substrate; at least one vertical-input (normal-incident,surface-illuminating) light detection element monolithically integratedon a portion of the bulk silicon substrate; and at least onevertical-output (surface-emitting) light source element monolithicallyintegrated on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate adjacent tothe vertical-input light detection element. The vertical-output lightsource element includes a III-V compound semiconductor light sourceactive layer monolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate bya wafer bonding.

In some embodiments, the vertical-input light detection element mayinclude germanium.

In some embodiments, the vertical-input light detection element mayinclude a photodiode including Ge_(1-x)Si_(x)/Ge_(1-y)Si_(y)superlattice (0≦x,y≦1), germanium-based quantum dots, a germanium-basedquantum wire array, or silicon.

In some embodiments, the vertical-output light source element mayinclude a surface emitting laser or a surface emitting light emittingdiode (LED).

In some embodiments, the optical input/output device may furtherinclude: a passivation layer on the vertical-output light source elementand the vertical-input light detection element.

In some embodiments, the passivation layer may include silicon oxide.

In some embodiments, the passivation layer may have holes exposing thevertical-output light source element and the vertical-input lightdetection element. In this case, the optical input/output device mayfurther include: optical vias formed in the holes, respectively.

In some embodiments, the optical vias may include silicon nitride.

In some embodiments, the optical input/output device may furtherinclude: horizontal optical waveguides provided on the passivation layerand coupled to the optical vias.

In some embodiments, the optical input/output device may furtherinclude: a passive optical circuit provided on the passivation layer.The passive optical circuit may include opticalmultiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX), an optical switch, or a gratingcoupler; and the passive optical circuit may be coupled to thehorizontal optical waveguide.

In some embodiments, the optical input/output device may furtherinclude: a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) interfacecircuitry electrically connected to the vertical-input light detectionelement or the vertical-output light source element. The CMOS interfacecircuitry may be monolithically integrated on the bulk siliconsubstrate.

In another aspect, an optical input/output device may include: a bulksilicon substrate; at least one vertical-input light detection elementmonolithically integrated on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate; aIII-V compound semiconductor substrate mounted on another portion of thebulk silicon substrate by a die-bonding; and at least onevertical-output light source element on the III-V compound semiconductorsubstrate.

In some embodiments, the vertical-output light source element mayinclude a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer.

In still another aspect, an opto-electronic system may include: aplurality of signal processing chips. Each of the signal processingchips may include: a bulk silicon substrate; a signal processing circuitintegrated on the bulk silicon substrate; and a vertical-input lightdetection element array and a vertical-output light source element arraythat are connected to the signal processing circuit and aremonolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate. The pluralityof signal processing chips may be three-dimensionally stacked. Thevertical-input light detection element arrays and the vertical-outputlight source element arrays of the signal processing chips may face eachother in one-to-one correspondence such that the plurality of signalprocessing chips may be three-dimensionally optically coupled to eachother.

In some embodiments, the vertical-output light source element array mayinclude a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer bondedto the bulk silicon substrate by a wafer bonding method.

In some embodiments, the signal processing device may include a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a memory circuit, a data bus interface circuit, aperipheral control circuit, an user definition application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), or an optical communication circuit.

In yet another aspect, a method of manufacturing an optical input/outputdevice may include: providing a bulk silicon substrate; monolithicallyintegrating a vertical-input light detection element on a portion of thebulk silicon substrate; and monolithically integrating a vertical-outputlight source element on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate.Monolithically integrating the vertical-output light source element mayinclude: forming an element passivation layer covering thevertical-input light detection element on the portion of the bulksilicon substrate; bonding a wafer including a III-V compoundsemiconductor substrate and a III-V compound semiconductor light sourceactive layer on the III-V compound semiconductor substrate to theanother portion of the bulk silicon substrate; removing the III-Vcompound semiconductor substrate; patterning the III-V compoundsemiconductor light source active layer to form the vertical-outputlight source element; and forming a passivation layer on thevertical-input light detection element and the vertical-output lightsource element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The inventive concepts will become more apparent in view of the attacheddrawings and accompanying detailed description.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views illustrating opto-electronic systemsaccording to a first embodiment of the inventive concepts;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines I-I′ of FIG. 1A or1B;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modified example of anopto-electronic system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating an opto-electronic system accordingto a second embodiment of the inventive concepts;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line II-II′ of FIG. 4;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are cross-sectional views taken along a line III-III′ ofFIG. 4;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are a cross-sectional view and an exploded perspectiveview illustrating an opto-electronic system according to a thirdembodiment of the inventive concepts, respectively;

FIGS. 10 to 17 are cross-sectional views illustrating a method ofmanufacturing an opto-electronic system according to a first embodimentof the inventive concepts;

FIGS. 18A and 18B are plan views illustrating opto-electronic systemsaccording to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concepts; and

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line IV-IV′ of FIG. 18Aor 18B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodimentsof the inventive concepts are shown. The advantages and features of theinventive concepts and methods of achieving them will be apparent fromthe following exemplary embodiments that will be described in moredetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted,however, that the inventive concepts are not limited to the followingexemplary embodiments, and may be implemented in various forms.Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments are provided only to disclose theinventive concepts and let those skilled in the art know the category ofthe inventive concepts. In the drawings, embodiments of the inventiveconcepts are not limited to the specific examples provided herein andare exaggerated for clarity.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. As usedherein, the singular terms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and allcombinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will beunderstood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or“coupled” to another element, it may be directly connected or coupled tothe other element or intervening elements may be present.

Similarly, it will be understood that when an element such as a layer,region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it canbe directly on the other element or intervening elements may be present.In contrast, the term “directly” means that there are no interveningelements. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”,“comprising,”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specifythe presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

Additionally, the embodiment in the detailed description will bedescribed with sectional views as ideal exemplary views of the inventiveconcepts. Accordingly, shapes of the exemplary views may be modifiedaccording to manufacturing techniques and/or allowable errors.Therefore, the embodiments of the inventive concepts are not limited tothe specific shape illustrated in the exemplary views, but may includeother shapes that may be created according to manufacturing processes.Areas exemplified in the drawings have general properties, and are usedto illustrate specific shapes of elements. Thus, this should not beconstrued as limited to the scope of the inventive concepts.

It will be also understood that although the terms first, second, thirdetc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elementsshould not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used todistinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element insome embodiments could be termed a second element in other embodimentswithout departing from the teachings of the present invention. Exemplaryembodiments of aspects of the present inventive concepts explained andillustrated herein include their complementary counterparts. The samereference numerals or the same reference designators denote the sameelements throughout the specification.

Moreover, exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference tocross-sectional illustrations and/or plane illustrations that areidealized exemplary illustrations. Accordingly, variations from theshapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturingtechniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, exemplaryembodiments should not be construed as limited to the shapes of regionsillustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result,for example, from manufacturing. For example, an etching regionillustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curvedfeatures. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic innature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shapeof a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope ofexample embodiments.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views illustrating opto-electronic systemsaccording to a first embodiment of the inventive concepts. FIG. 2 is across-sectional view taken along lines I-I′ of FIG. 1A or 1B.

Referring to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2, an opto-electronic system according toa first embodiment of the inventive concepts may include a signalprocessing device 100 and an optical input/output (I/O) device 200 thatare integrated in a bulk silicon substrate 10. The signal processingdevice 100 may process and control input/output (I/O) signals of theoptical I/O device 200. The signal processing device 100 may include oneor more signal processing sub-devices 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150. Thesignal processing sub-devices 110 to 150 may include a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a memory circuit, an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a data bus interface circuit, a peripheralcontrol circuit, an user definition ASIC, and/or a block of an opticalcommunication circuit. However, the inventive concepts are not limitedthereto. In other embodiments, the signal processing device 100 may beone-chip system including a CPU region, a memory region, an ASIC region,a data bus interface circuit region, a peripheral control device region,an user definition ASIC region, and/or an optical communication circuitregion.

The optical I/O device 200 may be used instead of a conventionalelectrical signal I/O device. The optical I/O device 200 may bemonolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate 10. The opticalI/O device 200 may include vertical-input light detection elements 210,vertical-output light source elements 220 (i.e., surface emitting lightsource elements), and a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)interface circuitry 230. The vertical-input light detection elements 210may be a light receiving part and the vertical-output (surface emitting)light source elements 220 may be a light transmitting part. Thevertical-output light source elements 220 may include a surface emittinglaser 220A illustrated in FIG. 1A or a surface emitting light emittingdiode (LED) 220B illustrated in FIG. 1B. The vertical-input lightdetection elements 210 may include a photodiode having a lightabsorption layer of germanium-on-silicon. A 100% germanium-on-siliconvertical-input light detection elements 210 may absorb light having awavelength band of 650 nm to about 1600 nm.

However, the inventive concepts are not limited thereto. In otherembodiments, the vertical-input light detection elements 210 may includea photodiode including Ge_(1-x)Si_(x)/Ge_(1-y)Si_(y) superlattice(0≦x,y≦1), germanium-based quantum dots, or a germanium-based quantumwire array. In still other embodiments, the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210 may include a silicon photodiode. In these cases,a wavelength of light may be shorter than 650 nm.

The vertical-output light source elements 220 may include a III-Vcompound semiconductor light source active layer bonded by a waferbonding technique. The vertical-output light source elements 220 may bemonolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate 10. Here, thevertical-output light source elements 220 may include an surfaceemitting laser such as a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)or a surface-emitting distributed-feedback diode laser. Thevertical-output light source elements 220 may be bonded to the bulksilicon substrate 10 by an adhesive layer 20. The adhesive layer 20 mayinclude an oxide layer or an adhesive material. According to someembodiments, the adhesive layer 20 may have a thickness of severalnanometers to several hundred nanometers. The adhesive layer 20 may meana silicon oxide layer for a wafer bonding technique. Since the bulksilicon substrate 10 is cheap compared with a conventionalsilicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, commercialization of theopto-electronic system may be increased.

The vertical-input light detection elements 210 and the vertical-outputlight source elements 220 may constitute a vertical-input/output array.The CMOS interface circuitry 230 may interface the signal processingdevice 100 with the vertical-input light detection elements 210 or thevertical-output light source elements 220. The CMOS interface circuitry230 may include a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) 232, a light sourcedriver 234, a limiting amplifier (LA) 236, a serialize/deserializecircuit, a clock-data-recovery (CDR) circuit, a PLL circuit, and/or aprotocol integrated circuit.

The vertical-output light source elements 220 may emit light having awavelength of 480 nm, 650 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, 980 nm, 1310, or 1550 nm.If various wavelengths in each band are realized using a combination ofthe light sources emitting different wavelength, a wavelength divisionmultiplexing (WDM) function may be added. If a wafer-bonded VCSEL havinga wavelength of 850 nm is applied, a multi-mode optical fiber 50 havinga low light coupling loss may be used. If a wafer-bonded VCSEL having awavelength of 650 nm is applied, low cost plastic optical fibers (POF)50 may be used.

A first passivation layer 30 may be provided on the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210 and the vertical-output light source elements220. The first passivation layer 30 may include a silicon oxide layer.Optical fibers 50 may be formed on the first passivation layer 30. Theoptical fibers 50 may be connected to the vertical-input light detectionelements 210 and the vertical-output light source elements 220.

FIG. 3 illustrates a modified example of an opto-electronic system ofFIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 3, an optical I/O device 200 may includeoptical vias 40 disposed between the vertical-input light detectionelements 210 and the optical fibers 50 and/or between thevertical-output light source elements 220 and the optical fibers 50. Theoptical vias 40 are vertical optical waveguides penetrating the firstpassivation layer 30 between the vertical-input light detection elements210 and the optical fibers 50 and/or between the vertical-output lightsource elements 220 and the optical fibers 50.

The optical vias 40 may include silicon nitride (Si_(x)N_(y)). Forexample, “x” may be 3 and “y” may be 4. A refractive index of thesilicon nitride may be about 2. A refractive index of the firstpassivation layer 30 may be about 1.537. The optical vias 40 mayvertically guide light. The optical vias 40 may improve optical couplingefficiency between the optical fibers 50 and the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210. The optical vias 40 may improve optical couplingefficiency between the optical fibers 50 and the vertical-output lightsource elements 220. However, the inventive concepts are not limitedthereto. Embodiments of the inventive concepts may be variouslymodified.

As described above, the optical I/O device 200 of FIG. 3 furtherincludes the optical vias 40 disposed in the first passivation layer 30between the vertical-input light detection elements 210 and the opticalfibers 50 and/or between the vertical-output light source elements 220and the optical fibers 50.

FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating an opto-electronic system accordingto a second embodiment of the inventive concepts. FIG. 5 is across-sectional view an optical I/O device 200 taken along a line II-II′of FIG. 4. FIGS. 6 and 7 are cross-sectional views taken along a lineIII-III′ of FIG. 4 to illustrate optical vias 40 bonded to horizontaloptical waveguides 60 of the optical I/O device 200. In the presentembodiment, the descriptions to the same elements as or similar elementsto corresponding elements of the first embodiment will be omitted ormentioned briefly. In other words, differences between the presentembodiment and the first embodiment will be mainly described.

Referring to FIGS. 4 to 7, optical vias 40 of an optical I/O device 200may be connected to a plurality of horizontal optical waveguides 60. Thehorizontal optical waveguides 60 may be optically coupled to the opticalvias 40 through, for example, grating couplers 74 of FIG. 6 or mirrorsurfaces 76 having a tilt angle of 45 degrees in FIG. 7. The gratingcoupler 74 may be replaced with the minor surface 76 having the tiltangle of 45 degrees.

The horizontal optical waveguides 60 optically coupled to thevertical-output light source elements 220 may be coupled to an opticalmultiplexer (MUX) 70. The optical MUX 70 may output optical signals of aplurality of wavelengths to a single horizontal optical waveguide 62.The horizontal optical waveguides 60 optically coupled to thevertical-input light detection elements 210 may be coupled to an opticaldemultiplexer (DEMUX) 72 based on a dielectric. The optical DEMUX 72 maydivide an optical signal inputted through a single horizontal opticalwaveguide 62 into signals of a plurality of wavelengths. The opticalDEMUX 72 may individually provide the divided signals to thevertical-input light detection elements 210. Passive optical elementcircuits such as the plurality of horizontal optical waveguides 60, thesingle horizontal optical waveguide 62, and the optical MUX/DEMUX 70 and72 may be formed in a second passivation layer 80. A third passivationlayer 90 may cover the passive optical element circuits and the secondpassivation layer 80. Here, the passive optical element circuits such asthe plurality of horizontal optical waveguides 60, the single horizontaloptical waveguide 62, and the optical MUX/DEMUX 70 and 72 may includesilicon nitride. The second passivation layer 80 and the thirdpassivation layer 90 may include silicon oxide.

An optical functional dielectric layer (e.g., the horizontal opticalwaveguides 60, the grating coupler 74, a WDM device, an optical switch,or a functional passive optical element circuit) may be monolithicallyintegrated on the vertical-input light detection elements 210 and thevertical-output light source elements 220 that are monolithicallyintegrated on the bulk silicon substrate 10. Thus, the opto-electronicsystem according to the second embodiment may provide a highfunction/high performance opto-electronic convergence chip system.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate an opto-electronic system according to a thirdembodiment of the inventive concepts. In the present embodiment, thedescriptions to the same elements as or similar elements tocorresponding elements of the first embodiment will be omitted ormentioned briefly. In other words, differences between the presentembodiment and the first embodiment will be mainly described.

Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, an opto-electronic system according to athird embodiment may realize efficient chip-to-chip opticalinterconnection in a three-dimensionally stacked multi-chip system. Forexample, signal processing chips 101, 102, 104, 105, and 106 may be aCPU 101, a memory circuit 102, an ASIC 104, a data bus interface circuit105, and an optical communication circuit 106, respectively.

The signal processing chips 101, 102, 104, 105, and 106 may includefirst to fifth optical detection elements 211 to 215 and first to fifthlight source elements 221 to 225 monolithically integrated on first tofifth bulk silicon substrates 12, 14, 16, 18, and 19, respectively. Forexample, first vertical-input light detection elements 211 and firstvertical-output light source elements 221 may be monolithicallyintegrated in the first bulk silicon substrate 12 in an array form.Second vertical-input light detection elements 212 and secondvertical-output light source elements 222 may be monolithicallyintegrated in the second bulk silicon substrate 14 in an array form.Third vertical-input light detection elements 213 and thirdvertical-output light source elements 223 may be monolithicallyintegrated in the third bulk silicon substrate 16 in an array form.Fourth vertical-input light detection elements 214 and fourthvertical-output light source elements 224 may be monolithicallyintegrated in the fourth bulk silicon substrate 18 in an array form.Fifth vertical-input light detection elements 215 and fifthvertical-output light source elements 225 may be monolithicallyintegrated in the fifth bulk silicon substrate 19 in an array form.

An optical signal may be three-dimensionally transmitted between thefirst to fifth optical detection elements 211 to 215 and the lightsource elements 221 to 225. The optical signal may be transmittedbetween the first vertical-input light detection elements 211 and thevertical-output light source elements 222 or between the firstvertical-output light source elements 221 and the second vertical-inputlight detection elements 212. A fourth passivation layer 32 and a fifthpassivation layer 34 may be disposed between the first vertical-inputlight detection elements 211 and the second vertical-output light sourceelements 222 and between the first vertical-output light source elements221 and the second vertical-input light detection elements 212.

Likewise, the second to fifth vertical-input light detection elements212 to 215 and the second to fifth vertical-output light source elements222 to 225 may be aligned with each other to adjacently face each otherin one-to-one correspondence (light source element to optical detectionelement). Additionally, sixth to eighth passivation layers 34, 38, and39 may be provided. Thus, the plurality of signal processing chips maybe three-dimensionally optically coupled to each other.

FIGS. 10 to 17 are cross-sectional views illustrating a method ofmanufacturing an opto-electronic system according to a first embodimentof the inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 10, a bulk silicon substrate 10 is provided. Providingthe bulk silicon substrate 10 may include processes of manufacturing thesignal processing device 100 and the CMOs interface circuitry 230.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 11, vertical-input light detection elements 210are monolithically integrated on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate10. The vertical-input light detection elements 210 may includevertical-input germanium photodiodes (germanium-on-silicon) grown on asurface of the bulk silicon substrate 10. Germanium may beepitaxial-grown on the bulk silicon substrate 10. The vertical-inputlight detection elements 210 may be monolithically integrated along withthe signal processing device 110 and the CMOS interface circuitry 230through batchwise processes. However, the inventive concepts are notlimited thereto. The processes of forming the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210, the signal process device 110 and the CMOSinterface circuitry 230 may be variously modified. For example, thevertical-input light detection elements 210 may include photodiodesincluding Ge_(1-x)Si_(x)/Ge_(1-y)Si_(y) superlattice (0≦x,y≦1),germanium-based quantum dots, or a germanium-based quantum wire array.Alternatively, the vertical-input light detection elements 210 mayinclude silicon photodiodes.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 12, after an element passivation layer 31 maybe formed on the vertical-input light detection elements 210, the CMOSinterface circuitry 230 and the signal processing device 110monolithically integrated on the portion of the bulk silicon substrate10, a wafer 290 is bonded to another portion of the bulk siliconsubstrate 10. The element passivation layer 31 may cover thevertical-input light detection elements 210. The wafer 290 may include aIII-V compound semiconductor substrate 280 and a III-V compoundsemiconductor light source active layer 270 on the III-V compoundsemiconductor substrate 280. The III-V compound semiconductor substrate280 being a dummy substrate may include a gallium arsenide substrate, anindium phosphide substrate, or a gallium nitride substrate. The III-Vcompound semiconductor light source active layer 270 may be adhered tothe bulk silicon substrate 10 by an adhesive layer 20 or may be bondedto the bulk silicon substrate 10 by a wafer bonding method. The adhesivelayer 20 may include a silicon oxide layer or an adhesive material. Theadhesive layer 20 may be the silicon oxide layer for the wafer bondingmethod.

Referring to FIG. 13, the III-V compound semiconductor substrate 280corresponding to the dummy substrate is removed. The III-V compoundsemiconductor substrate 280 may be removed by an etching method. Theelement passivation layer 31 may protect the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210 from an etch gas or an etch solution when theIII-V compound semiconductor substrate 280 is removed.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 14, the III-V compound semiconductor lightsource active layer 270 is patterned to form vertical-output lightsource elements 220 (e.g., surface emitting lasers). The patterningprocess of the III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer270 may include a plurality of photolithography processes and etchingprocesses. The element passivation layer 31 may protect thevertical-input light detection elements 210 during the patterningprocess of the III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer270. If the patterning process of the III-V compound semiconductor lightsource active layer 270 is finished, metal inter connections (not shown)may be monolithically integrated to electrically connect electrodes ofthe vertical-output light source elements 220 and the vertical-inputlight detection elements 210 to the CMOS interface circuitry 230. Thevertical-output light source elements 220 may have a height of ˜ severalμm to a few tens μm and an area of several tens μm² to several thousandsμm² according to a kind thereof. The vertical-output light sourceelements 220 and the vertical-input light detection elements 210 may bemonolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate 10 cheaper thana conventional SOI substrate. Additionally, the manufacturing method ofthe inventive concepts is based on normal bulk silicon CMOS processes,such that the introduction of the optical I/O device in theopto-electronic convergence silicon chip may be realized by the minimumadditional processes/additional costs. The inventive concepts havemerits of high performance, high speed, high efficiency, high levelfunction, low manufacture costs, and low packaging costs. Overall, theinventive concepts may greatly simplify composition of theopto-electronic convergence integrated circuit (IC). The inventiveconcepts may provide practical optical I/O devices and opticalinterconnection compositions for chip-to-chip optical communication.Additionally, the inventive concepts may provide composition (orstructure) advantageous to optical interconnection betweenthree-dimensionally stacked chips.

Referring to FIG. 15, a first passivation layer 30 is formed on thevertical-input light detection elements 210 and the vertical-outputlight source elements 220. The first passivation layer 30 may include asilicon oxide layer formed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methodor an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Here, the first passivationlayer 30 may include the element passivation layer 31. The elementpassivation layer 31 may protect the vertical-input light detectionelements 210, but the first passivation layer 30 may have an opticalguiding characteristic. The element passivation layer may be formed inplural when the vertical-input light detection elements 210 are formed.The first passivation layer 30 may protect the vertical-input lightdetection elements 210 and the vertical-output light source elements 220and may function as optical guides of the vertical-input light detectionelements 210 and the vertical-output light source elements 220. However,the inventive concepts are not limited thereto. Embodiments of theinventive concepts may be variously modified. For example, after theelement passivation layer 31 is removed, the first passivation layer 30may be formed on the bulk silicon substrate 10.

Referring to FIG. 16, the first passivation layer is locally etched toform holes 42 exposing the vertical-input light detection elements 210and the vertical-output light source elements 220. The holes 42 may beformed by a photolithography process and an etching process. The etchingprocess of the first passivation layer 30 may include a dry etchingmethod.

Referring to FIG. 17, optical vias 40 are formed in the holes 42,respectively. The optical vias 40 may include a silicon nitride layerformed by a CVD method or an ALD method.

FIGS. 18A and 18B are plan views illustrating opto-electronic systemsaccording to a fourth embodiment of the inventive concepts. FIG. 19 is across-sectional view taken along a line IV-IV′ of FIG. 18A or 18B. Inthe present embodiment, the descriptions to the same elements as orsimilar elements to corresponding elements of the first embodiment willbe omitted or mentioned briefly. In other words, differences between thepresent embodiment and the first embodiment will be mainly described.

Referring to FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 19, in an optical I/O device 200according to a fourth embodiment, a chip die 260 may be mounted using adie bonding method on a bulk silicon substrate 10 on whichvertical-input light detection elements 210 are formed. The chip die 260may include a III-V compound semiconductor substrate 280 andvertical-output light source elements 220 on the III-V compoundsemiconductor substrate 280. The vertical-output light source elements220 may be formed from a III-V compound semiconductor light sourceactive layer.

Even though not shown in the drawings, the vertical-output light sourceelements 220 (e.g., surface emitting lasers) may be electricallyconnected to the bulk silicon substrate 10 and/or the CMOS interfacecircuitry 230 by a wire bonding method or a flip chip bump bondingmethod. The optical I/O device 200 of the fourth embodiment furtherinclude the III-V compound semiconductor substrate 280 on which thevertical-output light source elements 220 are mounted, as compared withthe first embodiment.

As described above, the optical I/O device according to embodiments ofthe inventive concepts includes the vertical-input light detectionelements and the vertical-output light source elements (e.g., thesurface emitting laser or the surface emitting LED) that aremonolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate. Thevertical-input light detection elements may include a germaniumphotodiode grown form the bulk silicon substrate. The vertical-outputlight source elements may include the III-V compound semiconductor layerbonded to the bulk silicon substrate by the wafer bonding method. Thevertical-input light detection elements and the wafer-bondedvertical-output light source elements may be monolithically integratedon the bulk silicon substrate. Additionally, the optical I/O device mayfurther include optical vias on the vertical-input light detectionelements and the vertical-output light source elements, and the passiveoptical circuit such as the optical waveguide-based the WDM device.Thus, the optical I/O device and the opto-electronic system includingthe same according to the embodiments may provide the high function/highperformance convergence chip system for bulk silicon substrate-basedsilicon optical communication and interconnection and may improveproductivity.

While the inventive concepts have been described with reference toexample embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat various changes and modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirits and scopes of the inventive concepts. Therefore, itshould be understood that the above embodiments are not limiting, butillustrative. Thus, the scopes of the inventive concepts are to bedetermined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the followingclaims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited bythe foregoing description.

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical input/output device comprising: a bulk silicon substrate; at least one vertical-input light detection element monolithically integrated on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate; and at least one vertical-output light source element monolithically integrated on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate, wherein the vertical-output light source element includes a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer monolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate by a wafer bonding.
 2. The optical input/output device of claim 1, wherein the vertical-input light detection element includes germanium.
 3. The optical input/output device of claim 1, wherein the vertical-input light detection element comprises: a photodiode including Ge_(1-x)Si_(x)/Ge_(1-y)Si_(y) superlattice (0≦x,y≦1), germanium-based quantum dots, a germanium-based quantum wire array, or silicon.
 4. The optical input/output device of claim 1, wherein the vertical-output light source element includes a surface emitting laser or a surface emitting light emitting diode (LED).
 5. The optical input/output device of claim 1, further comprising: a passivation layer on the vertical-output light source element and the vertical-input light detection element.
 6. The optical input/output device of claim 5, wherein the passivation layer includes silicon oxide.
 7. The optical input/output device of claim 5, wherein the passivation layer has holes exposing the vertical-output light source element and the vertical-input light detection element, the optical input/output device, further comprising: optical vias formed in the holes, respectively.
 8. The optical input/output device of claim 7, wherein the optical vias include silicon nitride.
 9. The optical input/output device of claim 8, further comprising: horizontal optical waveguides provided on the passivation layer and coupled to the optical vias.
 10. The optical input/output device of claim 9, further comprising: a passive optical circuit provided on the passivation layer, wherein the passive optical circuit includes optical multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX), an optical switch, or a grating coupler; and wherein the passive optical circuit is coupled to the horizontal optical waveguide.
 11. The optical input/output device of claim 1, further comprising: a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) interface circuitry electrically connected to the vertical-input light detection element or the vertical-output light source element, wherein the CMOS interface circuitry is monolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate.
 12. The optical input/output device of claim 11, wherein the CMOS interface circuitry includes a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA), a light source driver, a limiting amplifier (LA), a serialize/deserialize circuit, a PLL circuit, a clock-data-recovery (CDR) circuit, or a protocol integrated circuit.
 13. An opto-electronic system comprising: a plurality of signal processing chips, each of the signal processing chips comprising: a bulk silicon substrate; a signal processing device integrated on the bulk silicon substrate; and a vertical-input light detection element array and a vertical-output light source element array that are connected to the signal processing device and are monolithically integrated on the bulk silicon substrate, wherein the plurality of signal processing chips are three-dimensionally stacked; and wherein the vertical-input light detection element arrays and the vertical-output light source element arrays of the signal processing chips face each other in one-to-one correspondence such that the plurality of signal processing chips are three-dimensionally optically coupled to each other.
 14. The opto-electronic system of claim 13, wherein the vertical-output light source element array includes a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer bonded to the bulk silicon substrate by a wafer bonding method.
 15. The opto-electronic system of claim 13, wherein the signal processing device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory circuit, a data bus interface circuit, a peripheral control device, an user definition application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or an optical communication circuit.
 16. An optical input/output device comprising: a bulk silicon substrate; at least one vertical-input light detection element monolithically integrated on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate; a III-V compound semiconductor substrate mounted on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate by a die-bonding; and at least one vertical-output light source element on the III-V compound semiconductor substrate.
 17. The optical input/output device of claim 16, wherein the vertical-output light source element includes a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer.
 18. A method of manufacturing an optical input/output device, the method comprising: providing a bulk silicon substrate; monolithically integrating a vertical-input light detection element on a portion of the bulk silicon substrate; and monolithically integrating a vertical-output light source element on another portion of the bulk silicon substrate, wherein monolithically integrating the vertical-output light source element comprises: forming an element passivation layer covering the vertical-input light detection element on the portion of the bulk silicon substrate; bonding a wafer including a III-V compound semiconductor substrate and a III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer on the III-V compound semiconductor substrate to the another portion of the bulk silicon substrate; removing the III-V compound semiconductor substrate; patterning the III-V compound semiconductor light source active layer to form the vertical-output light source element; and forming a passivation layer on the vertical-input light detection element and the vertical-output light source element.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: etching the passivation layer to form holes exposing the vertical-input light detection element and the vertical-output light source element; forming optical vias in the holes, respectively; bonding horizontal optical waveguides onto the passivation layer, the horizontal optical waveguides coupled to the optical vias; and forming a passive optical circuit on the passivation layer, the passive optical circuit coupled to the horizontal optical waveguide, and the passive optical circuit including optical multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX), an optical switch, or a grating coupler. 